Some Known Details About Maupin Roofing & Construction

Maupin Roofing & Construction Fundamentals Explained


Maupin Roofing & ConstructionMaupin Roofing & Construction

When you acquire Owens Corning roof covering roof shingles, you can feel confident that our dedication to high quality is of the highest importance.




The professional roofer you hire influences every element of your approaching roof covering job. That's why you desire to make certain you're making the right hiring choice. The issue is that there are a lot of choices due to the fact that the roofing industry is saturated. So, while locating a professional roofer is very easy, picking a credible one is a various story.


This is just as a result of some individuals taking their reviews to the severe, good or bad. Most will give you an idea of the final high quality, if the business stands behind their work, and exactly how they interact with customers. Google is a terrific tool, yet you must additionally make use of other on the internet sources.


 

Maupin Roofing & Construction Can Be Fun For Anyone


However similar to evaluations, you need to take referrals with a grain of salt. Do extra research study on any kind of prospective roof covering company and experience their internet site to get a feeling for who they are. After narrowing down the checklist of roofing service providers, there's one big point they all need to share.


Picking a local professional roofer makes sure the local codes are followed, all suitable documents is in place, and you can locate them if there's ever a trouble. But one more significant factor to work with in your area is since of out-of-state firms can be found in after big storms. These companies damage the prices of local professional roofer, obtain the cash, and carry on to the next storm-hit town.


The last point you desire is to buy a new roof simply to discover it had not been set up properly or it's not up to code. As I said, not all out-of-state roofing firms are poor. However, hiring a neighborhood roofer guarantees your project is done in conformity with your state's demands.




Maupin Roofing & Construction - Truths


 


While learning what your roof covering needs is necessary, it's not only the benefit of talking with multiple professional roofer. It likewise enables you to contrast prices and, most significantly, establish which professional roofer is the very best suitable for you. The next step is more of something to bear in mind while waiting to consult with the 2 or 3 roof covering service providers you chose - best roofing company.


I comprehend pricing is a significant decision-making element for most home owners, and I'm not stating to purchase the most pricey roofing possible. Your roof covering is set up for early failure from the beginning if you try to find the least expensive roof feasible.


They do not each have to utilize the very same brand name or producer, however they have to include the exact same parts and materials. Just understand that there are warnings that should disqualify a price quote instantly, even when comparing it to others. These warnings consist of the following: Not consisting of or concealing fine print The quote just comes with a cost They have concealed charges There's no guarantee info consisted of Every roofing professional giving a price quote must use to take a seat and examine every line thing, so you completely recognize what you're obtaining.




All About Maupin Roofing & Construction


Maupin Roofing & ConstructionMaupin Roofing & Construction
Ask each possible roof covering service provider to give referrals from work finished in the previous 3 to 6 months. This lets you see the last product after the roofing service provider's job is done.


A credible roof professional will be happy to offer you these referrals. If they're not also ready to give you an address to drive by, do not think concerning employing them for your roofing job. There you have it; 6 steps to pick the best roofer. Despite having these actions, employing the one you really feel most comfy with and trusting is necessary.




Some Ideas on Maupin Roofing & Construction You Need To Know


Maupin Roofing & ConstructionMaupin Roofing & Construction

 



This is asking the best inquiries when conference with possible roof covering contractors. Asking the appropriate concerns is most likely the best means to figure out if a contractor does things the right means.


With the Checklist of Questions to Ask a Professional Roofer, you'll have the self-confidence required to make the ideal decision. You can depend on our workmanship to optimize your investment, and we back that up with a lifetime workmanship guarantee. If you're regional Going Here to Nashville or another Center Tennessee location, don't hesitate to for any of your roof covering needs.


An excellent roof is one of the most essential components of a home, securing you from rainstorms, ice, and scorching summer season rays. When it comes to roof projects, an investment this huge is entitled to the ideal individual for the work.




A Biased View of Maupin Roofing & Construction


Whether you are replacing, repairing, or installing a roofing system, let these tips lead you to picking the ideal roofer for the job. Ask friends and family in the location to suggest a contractor.

 

Masterful Roof Installation: Elevate Your Home with Specialist Roofing Service

Discover the Best Roofing Kinds for Your Residential Or Commercial Property



When it pertains to picking the ideal roof type for your residential property, there are a number of aspects to take into consideration, ranging from toughness and aesthetic appeals to climate viability and upkeep requirements. Each roofing material includes its very own set of disadvantages and advantages, making the decision process an important one (Overview). Understanding the crucial qualities of prominent roofing kinds like asphalt shingles, metal roofing, clay ceramic tiles, slate roof covering, and environment-friendly roofing systems can offer important insights into which option aligns best with your home's details requirements. By checking out the unique features of each roofing kind, you can make an educated decision that guarantees your home is not just well-protected however also cosmetically pleasing.




Asphalt Roofing Shingles



Amongst the most frequently chosen roof covering products for houses, asphalt roof shingles offer a functional and affordable service for house owners. These roof shingles are preferred due to their cost, simplicity of installment, and array of styles and shades, making them appropriate for different architectural styles. Asphalt roof shingles are resilient and can hold up against harsh weather, supplying ample defense for homes versus rainfall, uv, and snow rays.


Among the vital benefits of asphalt shingles is their low upkeep requirements, making them a practical choice for house owners looking for a lasting roofing alternative that doesn't call for regular maintenance. Additionally, asphalt shingles are easily available, making repair work hassle-free and economical if any kind of damages takes place.


Additionally, asphalt tiles use energy effectiveness benefits by assisting to manage interior temperatures, possibly reducing cooling and heating expenses for homeowners (Roofing Service). This makes them an eco-friendly option for those looking to improve their home's power efficiency. In general, asphalt roof shingles are a inexpensive and reputable roof covering material that remains to be a preferred option for houses




Metal Roof



Steel roof is a progressively preferred and resilient option for homeowner seeking lasting security for their homes. Recognized for its longevity, steel roofs can last 40-70 years, outshining traditional asphalt shingles. They are extremely immune to extreme climate condition, consisting of hefty snow, hail storm, and strong winds, making them a trusted alternative for various climates. Metal roofing is additionally fireproof, including an added layer of safety to your home.


Among the essential benefits of metal roofing is its low upkeep demands. Unlike other roof products, steel roofing systems do not need frequent repair services or substitutes, saving homeowners money and time in the future. Additionally, steel roofings are eco-friendly as they are typically made from recycled products and can be recycled again at the end of their lifespan.


While steel roof covering might have a higher upfront price compared to asphalt tiles, its sturdiness and long life make it an economical option for homeowner searching for a roof alternative that will certainly stand the test of time.




Clay Shingles



Roof InstallationRoofing Service
Clay ceramic tiles are a elegant and classic roofing alternative that adds a touch of sophistication to any kind of building. Understood for their resilience and timeless appeal, clay ceramic tiles have actually been used for centuries in numerous architectural designs. These tiles are available in a variety of earthy tones, including terracotta, red, brownish, and grey, enabling home owners to choose a shade that enhances their building's aesthetic.


One of the vital advantages of clay floor tiles is their durability. When properly installed and preserved, clay tile roofs can last for half a century or more, making them a cost-effective option over time. Additionally, clay ceramic tiles are fireproof, environmentally friendly, and supply all-natural insulation, helping to manage interior temperature levels and reduce energy expenses.


While clay floor tiles are an excellent option for several residential or commercial properties, it's crucial to consider the weight of these tiles. They are much heavier than a few other roof products, so the roofing framework might require to be strengthened to sustain the included lots. Overall, clay tiles supply a sturdy and attractive roof covering remedy for house owners seeking to improve the aesthetics and worth of their home.




 



Slate Roof



Slate roof covering is a costs roof covering option recognized for its sturdiness and classic sophistication. Made from all-natural rock, slate shingles provide unmatched durability, with some roofings lasting over a century.


Beyond its resilience, slate roof covering adds a touch of class to any kind of property. The all-natural appeal of slate, readily available in various shades such as grey, black, environment-friendly, and red, improves the visual appeal of a building, offering it a high end and traditional appearance. The distinct structure of slate shingles adds dimension to the roof, developing aesthetic passion and increasing the building's curb appeal (Audio).


While slate roof covering requires professional installation because of its weight and specific techniques, the try this initial investment pays off over time with its unmatched durability and timeless beauty. (Roof Installation)




Eco-friendly Roof Systems



With a growing emphasis on environmentally friendly building practices, building proprietors are significantly transforming to environment-friendly roofing systems as a sustainable roof service. Green roof systems, also called living roof coverings or eco-roofs, include the installation of vegetation and an expanding medium on top of a water resistant membrane. These systems offer numerous advantages, such as enhancing energy effectiveness by offering natural insulation, lowering stormwater overflow through absorption and retention, and expanding the lifespan of the roof by shielding it from UV radiation and temperature level fluctuations.




One of the key benefits of environment-friendly roofing systems is their positive impact on the setting - Research. They help mitigate the city warm island effect, improve air top quality by capturing toxins, and provide habitats for birds and insects in city areas. Additionally, eco-friendly roofs can enhance the aesthetic charm of a building, develop green spaces for relaxation or farming, and potentially increase property value. As even more homeowner look for lasting building remedies, green roof covering systems continue to obtain appeal for their ecological and economic advantages.




Roof InstallationRoofing Service

Verdict



To conclude, different roof kinds such as asphalt shingles, metal roof, clay tiles, slate roof, and eco-friendly roof covering systems offer different benefits for homeowner. Each type has its own special features and benefits, so it is essential to consider aspects such as toughness, price, and visual allure when choosing the very best roof covering choice for your home. Consulting with a professional professional roofer can help you make an informed decision based on your specific needs and preferences.


Comprehending the essential attributes of popular roof types like asphalt tiles, steel roofing, clay ceramic tiles, slate roof, and eco-friendly roofing system systems can supply beneficial insights right into which alternative lines up best with your residential or commercial property's certain requirements. Overall, asphalt shingles are a reputable and cost-effective roofing product that proceeds to be a popular alternative for property buildings.




Roofer Near MeRoofing Service
Slate roof covering is a premium roofing alternative understood for its longevity and classic sophistication.With an expanding emphasis on green building practices, building proprietors are significantly turning to eco-friendly roofing systems as a sustainable roofing solution.In final thought, various roofing types such as asphalt roof shingles, metal roofing, clay tiles, slate roof covering, and eco-friendly roof covering systems use various advantages for building owners.

 

Not known Details About Adapt Roofing Central Coast

Adapt Roofing Central Coast for Dummies


In the roof covering market, there are four kinds of roofing professionals. 4 Kinds of Roofing Companies Little service roofing contractors are run by one or two people, with maybe an assistant as well as one or two teams.


With a gross earnings of around $13 million a year, these business don't have much expenses or earnings margins. Consequently, they can not offer a great deal of alternatives or negotiate reduced rates. With this kind of contractor, you might function straight with the proprietor of the business, which will certainly help you get a sense for the values of the company as well as whether they can manage your task.


That suggests they won't constantly be offered for customer assistance calls. If the proprietor isn't dealing with your job, there won't likely be a task supervisor, which means you may need to action in as well as fill that function. Be prepared to maintain an eye on the task to see to it it remains on routine and gets done to your specifications.




Adapt Roofing Central CoastAdapt Roofing Central Coast
Smaller business do not always have a solution division. If the owner's on a roof covering or on a sales call, he can not take your telephone call.




What Does Adapt Roofing Central Coast Do?


Be prepared to handle the overall task. Full-service roofers focus on simply that: solution.


No matter the kind of job, they supply a service layer ahead. As a result, they provide among the most effective customer experiences. Their emphasis gets on making it hassle-free to deal with them. You can arrange an appointment online. They give a work site sustain individual that is onsite throughout the day for your job, so you have a person who can answer your concerns and user interface with the team for you.




They might have numerous workplaces and also larger solution locations. They focus on client solution and also long-term connections. They may not be eager to use low-grade products simply to match a competitor's cost or win the quote.


Generally, they do one or the various other, but not both. Sales roofers tend to have a big sales pressure, which indicates they can schedule your roofing system replacement promptly. You'll possibly be called for to pay attention to an official presentation prior to you purchase. They'll additionally likely call for that all choice manufacturers go to that meeting.




Not known Facts About Adapt Roofing Central Coast


While they have a great deal of options offered, this sort of contractor typically offers the highest possible valued options initially. Be prepared to negotiate for the products and rates you really feel most comfy with. If you disrupt the discussion to ask hard inquiries, the sales rep will certainly occasionally get angered.


Find out more regarding zero-interest financing right here. Because these are large firms, they'll do the job. Yet they aren't focused on the client experience, as well as you'll observe that difference from the initial time you talk with them. Retail sales roofing contractors will certainly do typical roof substitutes as well as must have a customer care department.


They might use internal funding (i. e., zero-percent funding) or expect you to pay for the roof out of pocket. If a sales roofer is a tornado chaser, that's usually all they do.


They article may have accessibility to a vast array of products, which can aid you locate a cost you're comfortable with. The rate is commonly negotiable consequently. They normally have multiple staffs, which indicates they may be able to obtain to your job sooner. Sales presentations can be extensive as well as overwhelming.




9 Simple Techniques For Adapt Roofing Central Coast


Service might not be offered after your roof covering has been dealt with and the staffs have left the area. As you can see, each kind of roofing contractor has their pros as well as disadvantages.




 


So review your alternatives carefully, and make the option that you feel most comfortable with.


Below are the sorts of solutions your roofer might check out this site offer you and some more info that you may discover fascinating: Your roof covering project may need multiple groups to end up. There will be workers who will replace your old roofing system and transport it off, and also contractors who will place the new roofing surface.


The roofer is properly a task supervisor that organizes and also regulates every aspect of the installment process, from preparation, and also procurement of materials, to handling the skilled employee you employ and making certain that you hit all project landmarks. Correct setup is one of the most crucial element of a roof task.




The Ultimate Guide To Adapt Roofing Central Coast


The contractor will certainly function as your speaker and also intermediary, guaranteeing that the roof installment is according to your requirements which you enjoy with the outcome. They should look after every information of the job. If, for example, you're renovating a room to become a songs studio and it requires sound-rated accessibility panels mounted, your roof covering service provider have to make sure that everyone entailed understands how to manage it correctly as well as put the installment according to your specifications.


Roof covering installment starts with an appointment, throughout which they will figure out the project's scope and also all of its components. After a preliminary evaluation of the job, they'll be able to offer a quote to make sure that all entailed know the roof setup expense. You won't need to understand the permit procedure or browse your regional authorities to obtain the go-ahead to begin the job if you utilize a professional roofer.




Adapt Roofing Central CoastAdapt Roofing Central Coast
You can likewise depend upon your service provider to make certain that the appropriate authorities are the ones that carry out the examination as well as clear it for completion as soon as set up. Amongst the most regular services a roofer renders for your undertaking is project evaluation, which takes place once helpful resources the specialist comprehends the range of your task.




Adapt Roofing Central CoastAdapt Roofing Central Coast
As soon as the price quote serves and you authorize the contract with them, they can prepare the phases of the task and the workers designated to do the job. Adapt Roofing Central Coast. Although not all roofing systems coincide, some are steep, and also others are level, a domestic roofing service provider can typically help with any one of your roof needs.

 

How Roof Repair can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.

What Does Siding Mean?


Utilize a flashlight to look the attic for water discolorations, mold, or dark areas. If the ceiling is risen as well as you can't access the attic room, it is best to work with a certified roofing professional to manage it with their experience. Various other indications of roof covering leakages include water spots or mildew. As well as if you notice water dripping down your walls, your roofing more than likely leakages.


Poor (or improper) ventilation in the attic can also come to be a roof trouble as it increases the warmth that accumulates, harms the sheathing and also shingles, as well as eventually cause the roof to fail. Improper ventilation can arise from a number of elements: having spray foam insulation and also a ridge venthaving a ridge air vent as well as an attic fantoo many intake points (gable vents, soffit vents, and so on)having a ridge vent where there must be an attic follower on a hip and also ridge roofusing a ridge vent when an attic follower would certainly be better suited, In addition, inadequate air flow elevates the internal temperature level of your house and creates wetness to develop up in your attic.




 


Additionally, it can contribute to ice jams in the winter, which can endanger building stability and security. Have a professional examine your air flow system to stay clear of or deal with these problems. In situation you're not familiar with what blinking is, it is an item of plastic or steel sheeting that is utilized to safeguard the folds up of skylights and also smokeshafts.




Some Known Facts About Skylights.


SidingSiding
If this flashing product breaks or comes loosened water as well as various other moisture can get right into the fixtures. An additional common roof covering problem entails malfunctioning roof materials.


Even a premium roofing installed correctly will wear down and also damage with time as a result of extreme climate condition. Some roofing components don't last as long as the shingles and should be replaced partway via the roofing system's life. The longer you wait to deal with broken tiles, the more probable you'll have much more profound troubles, like decaying sheathing.


Standing water on your roof (after it rainfalls or snows) can bring about mold and mildew or mold. This can at some point harm your roofing as well as trigger leaks or structural damages. Standing water can get via tiny openings or weak spots in your roof covering and cause a leak. This trouble occurs more frequently on flat roof coverings, but every kind of roofing requires great water drainage.




Shingle Roof Can Be Fun For Everyone


GuttersWindows
All roofing system products can shrink, yet it happens more frequently on roofing systems with artificial rubber membranes or other roof treatments. Splits or splits in the blinking or shingles are often indications that a roof covering has reduced. The majority of contraction can be avoided with a correct setup by a specialist, integrated with routine checks and also maintenance - Roof mansard roof Installation.


Poorly set up roofings are a common reason for mold, brief lifetime, and issues that last for a lengthy time. You may save some cash at first, yet taking this danger will cause much trouble. Considering that setting up a roof covering can be hazardous if you do not have experience, it's ideal to employ a trustworthy roofer to do it for you.


Bugs can obtain into chimneys as well as make nests there. When you wish to utilize your smokeshaft, the nests make it difficult (if not difficult) for dangerous gases to leave your home. Carbon monoxide gas and also smoke will fill up the area, and also much of either can her latest blog put your wellness at threat.




Rumored Buzz on Roof Installation


Repair services that aren't done correctly set you back much more cash and make your house risky for you and also your household. You ought to always most likely to a respectable business if you require to fix your roofing. If you live where ice and also snow are regularly dropping on your roofing system, it might not last as long as the roof coverings in other regions.




 



Nick's Roofing & Siding
3443 W Foster Ave, Chicago, IL 60625, United States
+16308886708

 


This can look like water that has quit moving and seeped under the roof, causing a number of troubles. When water freezes, it obtains larger and also pushes versus the tiles.




Roof upkeep is vital, however many home owners don't recognize it. If you do not do regular maintenance, small problems you do not see can expand right into large, pricey ones. (Associated: Roof Covering Maintenance Tips for Portland Oregon Homeowners)Set up a roofing system inspection at least as soon as yearly to guarantee your roof is well looked after - Siding.




The Definitive Guide to Siding


Pros likewise state that you need to inspect your roofing every 8 to 12 years. When your tile's sealer puts on off, it may often tend to shed, damage, or come off eventually.


These could include the similarity shingles, floor tiles, nails, and also sealants. A roofing's wear and tear is triggered mostly naturally, so regular upkeep is the ideal alternative. Some troubles need to be discovered rapidly before they turn into a lot more severe ones. Openings may allow wetness to leakage right into the roof, damaging it.




SkylightsSkylights
Faulty or blocked rain gutters next can create leaks around the roofing system's edge and also water back-ups that might ultimately leak right into the eaves and trigger them to rot. When creating or changing your roofing, ask a roofing professional to mount a drip side to prevent this problem. Cleaning your rain gutters on a regular basis as well as setting up rain gutter displays, which may stop blocked drains, are various other methods to stop difficulties.




How Roof Storm Damage can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.


Clogged up seamless gutters can initially show up like a small problem for the roofing, they have the prospective to result in leaks and pricey architectural damages at some point. Damages from dropped branches is just one of one of the most regular problems people run into with roof coverings. You would assume that just big branches can hurt your roofing system, however small components can additionally deteriorate the leading layer of your roofing if they enter touch with it as well as brush against it consistently.

 

What Does Roof Replacement Auckland Do?

The Best Guide To Roof Replacement Auckland


Overall restraint needs to be made use of in choice to a loss arrest system as it stops access to areas where an employee can fall. The rating of anchor factors as well as the selection of equipment varies according to the type of total restraint and/or loss arrest system. For additional info refer to the Industrial Rope Gain Access To in New Zealand Ideal Technique Standards.


Number 6: Safeguard set up under a roof covering construction to capture dropping workers, debris, or devices Number 7: Decision tree for avoiding falls from roof coverings Where there is a threat of an autumn from or with the structure of a roofing system and also there are nothing else ways to stop a fall, short-term side protection and/or scaffolding need to be set up.


Edge protection should adhere to AS/NZS 4994. 1 and 4994. 2: Momentary edge protection. Boundary or side security need to be set up on all the subjected sides of a roof which consist of the boundaries of structures, the perimeters of skylights or various other delicate roof covering materials, as well as any kind of openings in the floor or roofing system.


It is also a method of group control as it gives security for anyone working on the roof. Where guardrails are made use of to provide a barrier to openings in the roofing system, they need to have a leading rail, mid-rail, and a toe board, or a top rail and an infill panel that serves the feature of a midrail as well as toe board.




Roof Replacement Auckland Things To Know Before You Buy


When there is greater than one professional on the website the principal and/or lead specialist will make certain there are sufficient controls in location to avoid workers dropping from or with a roofing. Working with or eliminating roof covering material has the prospective to expose employees to dangers of dropping from or with the roof covering.




 


Where a scaffold has actually been supplied for the construction of the wall surfaces or guttering, the roof employees might use it to finish their roofing job. Scaffolding ought to be erected according to the suggestions in the Best Technique Guidelines for Scaffolding in New Zealand. Number 9: The usage of scaffolding for edge security Roof edge security using conventional scaffolding is laid out in the Finest Method Standards for Scaffolding in New Zealand.




Roof Replacement AucklandRoof Replacement Auckland

 



A dogleg brace (transverse brace) can be made use of to secure the extended requirement. Additionally, where the roofline, if continued, intersects the inside or outdoors standard, it is recommended that a guardrail be placed within 200 mm of the junction point. Workers need to have the ability to acquire roofing accessibility without climbing over guardrails.


Guardrails ought to be spaced at approximately (500 mm centres-up from the deck) with the top guardrail a minimum of 900 mm over where the line of the roofing system pitch converges the outdoors standard. Guarantee the scaffold is protected to the structure to stop overturning should someone fall from the roof covering and strike the guardrails.




10 Easy Facts About Roof Replacement Auckland Explained




Job positioning systems make it possible for a person to function sustained in a harness under stress in such a way that an autumn is prevented. Generally the arrangement permits the worker to preserve a secure setting as well as to work hands-free while completing a task (Roof Replacement Auckland). A loss apprehension system is designed to support and also hold an individual in the event of a loss.





Any kind of static line system must be safely secured as well as established to ensure that inertia reel lines or other kinds of lanyards can not be cut on sharp sides. Anchors need to have a ranked lots of 15 k, N. All drop restraint and also autumn apprehension anchors ought to be labelled and also re-certified annually to remain compliant with AS/NZS 1891. Roof Replacement Auckland.




Roof Replacement AucklandRoof Replacement Auckland
In the event of a worker dropping, guarantee the 'pendulum effect' will not cause the worker to find right into contact with solid objects or Homepage the ground. Job positioning systems make it possible for a person to function supported in a harness under tension in a manner that an autumn is prevented. Usually the plan allows for the employee to keep a stable setting and to work hands-free while completing a job.


Security webs are produced from artificial materials. It is therefore important that security internet are subject to normal examinations by an experienced individual as well as are regularly checked in conformity with the supplier's instructions.




Some Ideas on Roof Replacement Auckland You Should Know


When barriers are used to restrict accessibility to sides or areas where drops can take place, they ought to be put at the very least 2 metres in from any type of vulnerable edge or opening. They need to be extremely click here for more noticeable and also with the ability of staying in location during adverse weather. The height needs to be between 900 mm as well as 1100 mm and also must act as a border around a workspace to stop accessibility to an elevation hazard such as a skylight.


Creep boards ought to have a non-slip surface or cleats, depending upon their pitch. A seamless gutter may be used as a sidewalk provided it is 450 mm large and is sarked. For that reason, synthetic membrane layer rain gutters are appropriate. When accessibility is feasible closer than two metres from the roofing system edge, side protection need to be supplied or an overall restraint or autumn apprehension system used.


Roof covering ladders ought to be used on roofing pitches over 25 levels. When walking on a roofing system, the worker must stroll in the frying pan of the roof cladding. When this is not possible the worker's weight should be spread evenly over 2 ribs, as well as click here now the employee must maintain as close as possible to the purlins.

 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15